Police said Peter R de Vries was taken to hospital in a serious condition after being gunned down in the city centre on Tuesday evening.
National broadcaster NOS said he was attacked minutes after appearing on a TV chat show.
Video showed him lying on the ground with an apparent wound to the head.
NOS cited eyewitnesses as saying five shots were fired at close range and Mr de Vries was hit in the head.
‘Heartless attack’
In the past Mr de Vries has been given police protection after receiving threats for his involvement in criminal cases as an investigative journalist and in court.
Police said three people have been arrested in connection with the shooting, which happened at around 19:30 local time (18:30 BST).
Two suspects were arrested in a car on the A4 motorway at Leidschendam, and a third in Amsterdam, with the gunman believed to be among them.
Police are appealing for witnesses and CCTV footage of the shooting, but asking people not to share the material on social media. They asked the public not to approach a suspect they described as a light-skinned man with a slender build, a dark green camouflage jacket and a black cap.
A victim of a crime he reported on
Peter R de Vries rose to prominence reporting on the types of crimes he has fallen victim to.
The attempt on his life has stunned not only Dutch society, but particularly the professions he has played such a critical role within – journalism and criminal justice.
He was immersed in the job and his involvement in numerous high-profile cases resulted repeated calls from the underworld for his “liquidation”.
The Dutch Bar Association has released a statement describing the “brutal attack” as having an enormous impact on the legal profession.
Mr de Vries is a regular on Dutch chat shows. Last week he launched a crowdfunding campaign to try to raise a million euros to solve a cold case before the parents of the victim, Tanja Groen, passed away.
Humberto Tan, a TV presenter, described Mr de Vries as a journalist with an enormous heart.
‘Hope and pray’
Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte gave a news conference after meeting with counter-terrorism officials and police in The Hague.
“Our thoughts are with Peter R de Vries’ loved ones. The most important thing, we hope and pray he survives,” he said.
Justice minister Ferd Grapperhaus paid tribute to an “extraordinary journalist”, calling Mr de Vries an “admirable warrior against injustice for the underdog”.
A frequent commentator on TV programmes, Mr de Vries, 64, is well known for his crime investigations in the Netherlands.
He is best known as an investigative journalist, credited with solving a plethora of cold cases.
Court role
As a reporter, he has covered numerous high-profile crimes, including the 1983 kidnapping of beer magnate Freddy Heineken.
In 2013 Heineken’s kidnapper, Willem Holleeder, was convicted of making threats against Mr de Vries.
One of the Netherlands’ most notorious gangsters, Holleeder was given a life sentence in 2019 for his involvement in five murders.
He won an Emmy for his work on the killing of Natalee Holloway, a US teenager who disappeared on the Caribbean island of Aruba in 2005.
NOS said Mr de Vries frequently acts as a spokesperson or confidant for witnesses in police or court cases.
The broadcaster said he was acting as an adviser to Nabil B, a state witness testifying in the case against Ridouan Taghi, an alleged drug kingpin.
The Moroccan-Dutch suspect and his associates are currently on trial in the Netherlands for murder and drug trafficking.
Until his arrest in Dubai in late 2019, Mr Taghi had been listed among Europe’s most-wanted fugitives by the EU police agency Europol.
A former gang member, Nabil B is said to be a key witness in the trial.
The case has already sent shock waves through Netherlands after Nabil B’s previous lawyer Derk Wiersum was assassinated in front of his Amsterdam home in September 2019.